OPPENHEIMER, Josef

b. 1924, Stuttgart
Emigrated

Personal Details

Religion
Jewish
Classification
Halbjude
Address
Neuwiesenstraße 239, Stuttgart-Lederberg (1946)

Family

Persecution & Camps

KZ Theresienstadt 01.1942 – 1944
KZ Oranienburg (Sachsenhausen) 1944 – 02.1945
✦ Liberated: 1945, Oranienburg

Emigration

Date
17.08.1949
Destination
Florida, USA

Timeline Events

Correspondence (24 documents)

Picture postcard front
Picture postcard front
1900
Transcribed
None
Picture postcard back (address side)
Picture postcard back (address side)
1900
Transcribed
Address side of postcard. Printed heading "Postkarte" at top. Postmark visible from Heilbronn [date partially legible]. Addressed in handwritten Kurrent script to: Fräulein Angela [?] Oppenheimer [c/o?] Kaiser W. Karl [?] Ulm a. D. [Ulm an der Donau]
Handwritten letter (page 2 / continuation)
Handwritten letter (page 2 / continuation)
06.1930
Transcribed
[Top: continuation of previous letter — discusses writing, travel plans, and errands] Greetings and kisses M.B. [?] [Second note:] My dear Mina, and from me also heartfelt thanks for your dear letter. As always, we are very [glad?]... The letters always arrive quickly and punctually. From Sally [news]... Remember Aunt Frieda and [try] again about the passport in Hannover and further... You should [?] reside in [?]... that Betty joins on the return journey. On Sunday, Roselie's [daughter/relative] Mane was with us, and [visited] in Semmering where she is very [happy]. She seems quite content.
Typed letter (page 1 of 2), marked
Typed letter (page 1 of 2), marked "Abschrift" (copy)
04.02.1939
Transcribed
Copy Zug, February 4, 1939. Dear Mr. Oppenheimer! I only received your letter of January 21 yesterday. You addressed it to L. Oppenheimer, so the successors of my firm Louis C. [Oppenheimer] received it and forwarded it to me yesterday. I take the liberty of responding to your inquiry. I have long been interested in whether the Hanover Oppenheimers — as the first names Louis and Otto also suggest — the bankers and cattle dealers, were related to the Michelfeld Oppenheimers. They had a very good name in Hanover and I was often asked about this when I frequently traveled to Hanover on business around the turn of the century. As you probably know, I was the last one to continue the specialty product of my great-grandfather, Zacharias O. in Michelfeld (Lower Franconia) until August of this year. In fact, my father Louis O. (son of Sigmund O., the second-youngest son of Zacharias O.) was in Bruchsal, but had to give up the manufacturing due to a lack of suitable materials (or water) at the end of the 1860s. A few years ago, I had a volunteer (Dr. jur. Edgar Wolf) write the history of the firm O. Michelfeld-Bruchsal based on the available documents. The documents you mentioned, I examined and copied about 30 years ago, when they were still in Michelfeld in the archive of the Freiherren [Barons] von Gemmingen, before their transfer to Neckarelz. However, the main files are in the General State Archive in Karlsruhe, and there Dr. Wolf had ample opportunity for interesting studies. A copy of this book is in the possession of my firm's successors, Ernst Franke & Co. in Bruchsal, because we still trade under the name "Uniform Cloth since 1803," which is now being challenged. As you write, you belong to the Gemmingen Oppenheimers, insofar as they are connected with the Michelfeld branch — that is, through the eldest daughter of August O., who was already married into Gemmingen before his departure for the USA, that is, before 1845. I visited the 80-year-old Mr. Hermann O. a year ago and still think fondly of that visit. What is your family relationship to this gentleman? Did you get my address from him or from Dr. jur. Meyer in Hanover, who is also occupied with the family history of the O[ppenheimer]s? I was still in Michelfeld itself last August, to show my three grandsons from Karlsruhe — shortly before their emigration to the USA — the factory building and the residence of their great-great-great-grandfather. We were also able to visit the cemetery where my grandfather — died May 31, 1872 — Sigmund O. is buried (my grandmother, née Levi? from Karlsruhe, is buried in Waghäusel?), because it was a Saturday. Sheet 2
Typed letter (page 2 of 2), continuation of letter from Otto Oppenheimer
Typed letter (page 2 of 2), continuation of letter from Otto Oppenheimer
04.02.1939
Transcribed
— 2 — If you are now interested in the ancestry of the O[ppenheimer]s, I urgently recommend: Contact Mr. Head Teacher S. Rosenthal, Mannheim, Rupprechtstrasse 14. This specialist in genealogy and Jewish history of Southern Germany has prepared a very interesting family tree for me based on available documents and gravestones, and has written a paper about it, which I cannot send you without the author's permission. He demonstrated that the O[ppenheimer]s — who, as you correctly write, took their name from Oppenheim and were settled in Worms for at least approximately 300 years (an Aleph in the 900-year-old synagogue in Worms, of which I have a photographic enclosure, was donated by a David Oppenheimer, with three crowns and the inscription: "The best crown is a good name") — and that an O. in the year 1689 (driven out by the turmoil of war) fled to nearby Ladersach on the Bergstrasse. From there his descendants came to Heinsbach, and from there to Hoffenheim and Michelfeld, District of Sinsheim. This Jew Löb O., born around 1650 in Worms and died after 1722 in Heinsbach, was married to a Chare (Eva) Backerach/Bacharach, a daughter of the famous Rabbi Jair Chaim Bacharach of Worms (born 1660 in Worms and died April 5, 1701, in Laundesheim). This Rabbi Bacharach was a grandson of the equally famous Jewish scholar Chave (Eva), who was born in 1580 in Prague and died in 1652 at the age of 72 on her way to Palestine, in Sofia, where she is buried. And this Mrs. Chave was, through her mother Voglein, the granddaughter of the Jew Efra'im ben Sanschel, the Great Rabbi Löw of Prague (born 1512 and died August 22, 1609, in Prague), whose memorial still stands today on the Wenceslas Square in Prague. The grandfather of this great scholar, who became universally known through his legendary "Golem," also bearing the name Chaim (Heinrich), was born in 1450 in Issenheim (Alsace). It does no harm for us to know all this. So contact the above-mentioned Mr. Rosenthal, and if you or your relatives wish to go to the USA, contact Gemmingen for addresses. The descendants of the above-mentioned Mr. August O. are major textile dealers. With warm regards, signed Otto Oppenheimer. [Handwritten note at bottom:] Copy of a letter from the author / proprietor of the firm Louis Oppenheimer / in Bruchsal, now in Zug, Switzerland / Jahrequartierstrasse 28
Letter seeking emigration sponsorship
Letter seeking emigration sponsorship
04.11.1939
Transcribed
B[ad] Cannstatt, November 4, 1939. Dear Mina! Today you should receive another personal letter from me, which unfortunately happens rarely enough -- or as you know, in a household there is always something else to do! As you may have already heard from Uncle Simon, my plan with Denmark fell through. I recently have another small glimmer of hope, but very slim, and it is therefore necessary to start something new. It would mean a great deal to me if you could do something for me -- I do not yet have a guarantee [sponsor/affidavit] for America, and my number would soon be up [on the waiting list]. I would be very grateful if you could perhaps find me a household position, or obtain a guarantee/sponsorship. I hope that you are doing well and that you are always in good health. Are you still at your old place? There is not much to report from us; we moved from Wuppertal half a year ago, and of course I like it much better here than in Wuppertal. There is always plenty of work, because we have a much larger apartment here than in Wuppertal. I always hear good news from Burg and Emma. Josef writes particularly well; he has been at an agricultural estate near Breslau for quite some time now. I hope that you will also find a way for me to get to America; I am very grateful to you for that. For today, greetings and kisses from your Margit.
Handwritten letter discussing shipping of belongings, with inventory
Handwritten letter discussing shipping of belongings, with inventory
1940
Transcribed
Dear Mina! From Munich we received a desperate letter today, and in Stuttgart still nothing for Betty's passport photographs has arrived. [Someone] telegraphed this week that the journey would depart next week — what is causing the great delay — Bella in Boston or Aunt Hermine? By the way, the Munich [relatives] have sent 4 crates and 5 kg here, and we will have them loaded on one of the next ships, and you will then need to take them into storage. A family named Bernhard Göschel from Forchheim and a Mr. Jacob Kaufmann from Bayreuth will presumably bring the luggage or take it along; they depart on the 28th. Perhaps it will be sent on another ship, in which case I will let you know by telegram or by "Clipper" [airmail]. Crate: 6963 — with couch/bedding, beds, etc. 6964 — Household items 6965 — [contents not specified] 6966 — Book crate Suitcases: I.O. 1, 10, 12, 14–18 containing clothes, linens, paintings and pictures You must see how you can get to Erich. [The] Kellers say how glad they are! Warm greetings, Arthur
Handwritten letter with typed American Consulate document
Handwritten letter with typed American Consulate document
1940
Transcribed
[Handwritten portion:] Munich, [date] 1940 Dear Mina, we have [received?] from Hannover... [discusses everyday matters and emigration plans]... Julius [Second note:] Dear Mina, I too [send you?]... the enclosed... warm greetings... [Typed document:] American Consulate of the United States of America, Section 79 To Mr. and Mrs. Julius and Elsa [Oppenheimer] Afganstrasse [?] Munich Stuttgart, [date] 1940 In response to your application submitted on July 3, 1940 regarding an immigration visa, the issuance [requires] your [?] all necessary papers and documents... consulate fees... to appear. Of the submitted documents, [?] two copies... entry permit... which also [indicates?] the consulate's [requirements]... Respectfully, For the Consul General [signature] Vice Consul [?] of the United States of America at the Consulate
Handwritten letter with multiple short notes from different writers
Handwritten letter with multiple short notes from different writers
05.11.1940
Transcribed
Munich, November 5, 1940. Dear Mina! Today [I am sending?] an enclosed small package... [expressing hopes and wishes] that everything will be good again in [coming] years... [News about family]... Your Thekla E. and J. [Elsa and Julius] [Second note:] Dear Mina, [Short update about health and family, mention of Red Cross communication] [Third note:] Dear Mina! Hopefully we will soon receive news from you... [Discussion about packages and supplies]... For today, warm greetings, Anna Volz [?]
Handwritten letter on blue/green paper
Handwritten letter on blue/green paper
14.01.1941
Transcribed
Munich, January 14, [year] Dear Kriegs family! [New Year's greetings and wishes]... dear sister... children... and from mother... [discussing] birthday — [hoping that] the journey [will happen]... greetings... My dear ones, through your dear [letters] we always [hear] from you and are glad that you have settled in. But you are already a young lady — for it has been almost [several] good years since you left here. Mina is now no longer in New York but has been in Baltimore for several weeks. How are your dear wife [and] Mr. [?]. From my loved ones in Holland, we regularly receive news and they are, thank God, healthy... Please do let us hear from you sometime. All most warmly greeted by your Elsa. [Bottom note — address:] To Siegfried Kriege, Horace Harding Road 15, East [?] Plain, N.J.
Envelope back — airmail letter
Envelope back — airmail letter
1941
Transcribed
Envelope back (reverse side). Return address partially visible: [Elsa Sara?] Oppenheimer, München Ainmillerstr. [?] German censorship stamp: "Geöffnet" (Opened) with Nazi eagle and swastika seal — indicating the letter was opened and inspected by German censors before leaving the country.
Envelope back — airmail letter
Envelope back — airmail letter
1941
Transcribed
Envelope back (reverse side). Return address: Elsa Sara Oppenheimer, München Ainstr. 19/II [i.e., Ainmillerstrasse 19, 2nd floor] Censorship markings: Red circular stamp with Nazi eagle — "Geöffnet" (Opened) indicating German censorship. Additional U.S. postal markings visible: "BRONX CENTRAL ANNEX" circular postmark, suggesting the letter was routed through the Bronx post office in New York before forwarding to Baltimore.
Typed letter (page 2), continuation from fragment in 0004
Typed letter (page 2), continuation from fragment in 0004
1941
Transcribed
2 family (from Ralf, Stadthagen). Dr. B. was formerly a lecturer at the University of Berlin and has now been in the same position at the University of Princeton for about 3 years. His wife is a very good acquaintance of mine; the father of this gentleman was also very well known to me. The in-laws have for their part already written to their son-in-law. He will gladly stand by you not only with advice but also with action. So please take the time to get in touch with him immediately. I am delighted [to hear] and for all that R. has stood by me in the most necessary way, I ask you to convey my best thanks. What are the other relatives in New York doing? And how are Dr. Max and his brothers? From his father, and also from Ida, I have heard nothing despite the greatest effort. Dr. Rosenthal has been in San Francisco since June, where he is currently working as an instructor in military service training. He believes he will eventually find a position there in his field. His address is: Dr. Rosenthal c/o Dr. Hans Aberg, 3147 Mission Street, San Francisco, California, née mother of Mrs. Dr. Seebach. [She] passed away last year and was buried on the farm. If you would send condolences there, that would be very appropriate. From Anna I have heard nothing since last month. Josef is still in Gross-Breesen. Beyond that, I have no further news to report. I would like to close now with the wish that you may stay healthy and that you can have your mother come to stay with you. Stay very well, greet all acquaintances, and receive the warmest greetings and kisses from your uncle Simon
Typed letter (page 1 of 2) from Simon Israel Oppenheimer III to his niece Min...
Typed letter (page 1 of 2) from Simon Israel Oppenheimer III to his niece Min...
08.10.1941
Transcribed
Simon Israel Oppenheimer III. Hannover, Herschelstrasse 31. Hannover, October 8, 1941. My dear niece, dear nephew! Your letter, dear niece, of the 7th of last month was forwarded to me by Uncle Julius. In the meantime, you will have received my letters as well. I can easily understand that with all your work you cannot always write punctually. Hopefully you and all the relatives are well, which is also mostly the case with me. For the [autumn] we do not have such great heat as you do; we still have wonderful weather for this time of the autumn. That you receive regular news from nephew D. Katten is very pleasing; in Hannover, however, it is unfortunately the case that one can [barely get field post through]. Sad, but true. Do try once more through the Joint [Distribution Committee] whether it might be possible to learn the address of O., so that as soon as possible an entry [permit] toward Cuba could be arranged for him, because after all, with these people, for whom the Dollar plays such a big role, it would mean the least [difficulty]. I am very sorry to hear that Mrs. Ottenheimer has passed away. Please give my heartfelt condolences to her children. I have in the past months still had some things to move, and under current orders I had to vacate my apartment into [another] house and am now in quarters that are something quite different from what one is accustomed to. Margit herself still has it somewhat bearable insofar as she now lives entirely in the old [place] and manages. But one has already [adjusted] to this, and one will surely see each other again, just as one will come together again with one's whole family, because the war — you must also see this — will come to an end someday. Dear nephew, are you still employed at your old business? As I [learned] from your wedding day... [several lines difficult to decipher due to typewriter quality]... Please go to Mrs. Gundersheimer, with her I have left a box of [Glanzbilder/collectible cards] for you, with great care. How are Aunt Sophie K. and Sally K.? From Aunt Henny I also received news about 14 days ago through the Red Cross. I was very glad to receive greetings for the holidays as usual... [additional personal greetings, partially illegible]... So once again, warmest greetings from your uncle. Be most warmly greeted and kissed by your uncle Simon
Typed letter fragment
Typed letter fragment
08.10.1941
Transcribed
[Top of page damaged/torn, text begins mid-sentence] ...unfortunately, God willing, in recent [times] ... changes have also occurred here in our family. Aunt Frieda and Gretel departed last Thursday to an unknown destination, along with many others. Such arrangements are also being prepared here. How long I will remain here, I unfortunately cannot yet say. From your dear mother and all our other relatives, I hear only through the Red Cross. They all write that they are well; unfortunately, from here any help is impossible. Hermann Marx and his wife will probably have already arrived in Cuba as an intermediate stop by now. They firmly promised me to do as much as possible to at least ease the situation of the poorest through financial contributions. Hopefully they will keep their word. Here in Hannover there is nothing new to report. From Munich you will be kept up to date by Uncle Julius. Margit already returned about 6–7 weeks ago to Stuttgart to her mother; all of this was under the old [arrangements]. Please contact, with reference to me, Dr. Breuer in Princeton, N.J., 24 Wilton Street. This gentleman is the son-in-law of a family I am friends with —
Handwritten letter — two separate notes: a condolence letter and a personal note
Handwritten letter — two separate notes: a condolence letter and a personal note
11.10.1941
Transcribed
[First section:] Munich, October 11, 1941 Dear Mr. and Mrs. Langstein! Through dear Mina, we learned of the untimely passing of your dear brother and beloved [relative], and we express our most heartfelt condolences. At the same time, we have been informed and have arranged through Mr. Herre to have [prayers] read for the deceased. We hope that you have somewhat recovered from your grief. At the same time, I thank you for your help toward me... for the good that you and dear Mina [have done]... a package was sent and received... Julius Oppenheimer [Second section:] Dear Langstein family, I too would like to express my sincere condolences on the untimely passing of your dear brother and brother-in-law. Through Mina here we hear from you and are glad that you are healthy. She is very content in her new profession. As we hear from Karl here, your dear mother and Karl and family are also healthy. And from me once again many heartfelt thanks for everything. With warm greetings, yours, Elsa Oppenheimer
Envelope front — airmail letter
Envelope front — airmail letter
10.1941
Transcribed
Airmail envelope front. Addressed to: Luftpost Nordamerika [Airmail North America] Fräulein Dr. Mina Kaufmann c/o Engel Baltimore 4006 Norfolk Avenue Stamps: Two Deutsches Reich postage stamps — a 40 Pfennig stamp (Adolf Hitler portrait) and a 25 Pfennig stamp (Paul von Hindenburg portrait). Blue "MIT LUFTPOST / PAR AVION / BY AIR MAIL" label affixed at lower left. Circular censor mark "Ab" visible. Postmark: Hannover.
Handwritten letter
Handwritten letter
20.11.1941
Transcribed
Munich, November 20, 1941 Dear Mina and [family]! ... [The letter discusses various family matters, mentions America, makes references to relatives including Margit, Betty, and others. Contains ongoing discussion of emigration ("Auswanderung"). Asks Mina to greet all relatives in Baltimore. The tone is increasingly urgent.]
Handwritten letter in German Kurrent script, written upside-down on page (rot...
Handwritten letter in German Kurrent script, written upside-down on page (rot...
21.12.1941
Transcribed
Munich, December 21, 1941 [Sender identification:] Frida Sara Oppenheimer, Munich 5 Dear Mina! [The letter appears to be from Frida (Sara) Oppenheimer, not directly from Julius and Elsa, though filed with their correspondence.] ...I always hear from Aunt Frieda that you are doing well, and I am glad... I hope you will soon have the joy... I wish it for you with all my heart... that you unfortunately [had to] find yourself in a new homeland, but at least you do not need to worry about... For me it was unfortunately no longer possible... the community... I should [report] some news... I have long since realized that good thoughts and good feelings would be wasted on an unworthy person. Dear Mina, fate has, I believe, taken quite good care of me. I met a man through the Wanderbund [hiking association]... [Discussion of personal relationship]... You yourself don't yet know exactly when further [news]... but I think soon...
Handwritten short letter/note
Handwritten short letter/note
18.07.1942
Transcribed
My dear ones, July 18, 1942 This morning your beautiful package arrived, and we thank you most warmly for it. Everything arrived in very good condition and tastes excellent, and it made us very happy, as always. You are right, dear Karl — the jam jar could [not survive] this shipping [process] without breaking. Hopefully you are all well and have good news from Karl? It has now gotten warmer. Did you receive our letter and the empty cartons? We are, thank God, healthy and already look forward to your dear letter, dear Karl. Once again, all the best and may God reward you, with best greetings to all of you, your loving Julius and Elsa
Typed letter to Mina Kaufmann requesting affidavit
Typed letter to Mina Kaufmann requesting affidavit
30.10.1946
Transcribed
Josef Oppenheimer Stuttgart-Lederberg Neuwiesenstr. 239 Stuttgart, October 30, 1946 To: Mrs. Mina Kaufmann, 2914 Norfolk Ave. Baltimore 15, Md. U.S.A. Dear Cousin Mina! I hope that you have received my first letter in the meantime, in which I wrote to you about where our relatives ended up and that no one came back! I am writing to you today through the American Joint [Distribution Committee] in Stuttgart, as the letters arrive faster and more safely from there. As I already told you in my last letter, I would like to emigrate to America and have asked you for an affidavit. I hope that you can provide me with an affidavit. If I have an affidavit, I can emigrate soon. Almost all German Jews and many of my concentration camp comrades who survived have already emigrated to the U.S.A., or intend to do so in the near future. I will certainly not be a burden to you in America, as I am used to working. Please write to the American Joint (American Joint Distribution Committee) whether you are in a position to provide me with an affidavit and whether your financial circumstances allow it. Below is the exact address of the American Joint: American Joint, Stuttgart-West, Reinsburgstrasse Nr. 26, Waihinhaus, Germany. Now I want to close for today. I hope you and your family are well. With the warmest regards to all of you, I remain Your cousin Jo. [Josef] Oppenheimer [Handwritten postscript:] In case the first letter was lost, I am sending it again.
Handwritten letter to cousin — family fate (page 1 of 3)
Handwritten letter to cousin — family fate (page 1 of 3)
30.10.1946
Transcribed
1) Dear Cousin! Gemmingen, October 30, 1946 I found your address earlier at the town hall in Gemmingen. As I begin this letter -- your dear mother is after all in America. It is a miracle from God to me that you survived the terrible times. But very few of us survived this dreadful catastrophe. My dear father died in KZ Buchenwald concentration camp. My Uncle Julius and Aunt Elsa, Aunt Frieda and their children were deported and never returned. Aunt Klara was together with your dear father at Burkenbrausch [?] and I went to look for many things. Only my sister Margrit [Margit] and I survived the concentration camp period. My sister worked as a gardener and in a wood factory. She emigrated to Palestine half a year ago and is near a settlement that was established in 1939. Now I will report about myself: At the beginning of 1939, I was at the Jewish emigration training estate in Esslingen, then at the Jewish emigration training farm at [continues on page 2]
Handwritten letter to cousin — deportation (page 2 of 3)
Handwritten letter to cousin — deportation (page 2 of 3)
30.10.1946
Transcribed
2) Grossbreesen near Breslau. But after the war began, I too was deported. In January 1942 [to] KZ Theresienstadt, where I remained for 1 1/2 years. From there I was then sent to KZ Oranienburg [Sachsenhausen] near Berlin, where I remained until the end. My work there consisted of gardening and digging, and forced road construction labor. Regarding those to whom I wrote letters -- eventually an explanation was given about what had happened on the other side. Everything was to be destroyed. When I returned from the concentration camp, I made sure that the belongings were returned immediately. The small items were mostly still scattered, clothing had been stored. The porcelain went to a Mrs. Kleene. But I encountered an unfriendly family, so I would have preferred to live elsewhere with the money. The housing situation is tight and physically still leaves much to be desired. Most Germans who lived through this time do not feel their guilt or something they should repent for. Indeed, in Germany it is hardly possible to live anywhere. [continues on page 3]
Handwritten letter to cousin — emigration request (page 3 of 3)
Handwritten letter to cousin — emigration request (page 3 of 3)
30.10.1946
Transcribed
3) and I would like to emigrate to America. For immigration, an affidavit or food package is needed, and I would like to ask you for this. Apparently your financial means would allow you to provide me with an affidavit. I would not be a burden in America, as I am used to working. I have also already written to my cousin Mina in Franklinton asking for an affidavit, but am still waiting for word from her. Now I want to close for today. I hope you and your family are well. With the warmest regards to all of you, I remain. Josef Oppenheimer. My exact address is: Josef Oppenheimer, Stuttgart-Lederberg Neuwiesenstrasse 239, American Zone Germany [Handwritten postscript:] Enclosed is a letter about the previous Jewish history in Gemmingen; please also ask Cousin Sophie to write.

Notes

Sent to Esslinger Waisenhaus (Jewish orphanage) as child
Beginning 1939: Jewish emigration training (Hachshara) in Esslingen, then Großbreesen near Breslau
30.10.1946: Typed letter from Stuttgart-Lederberg via AJDC (American Jewish Joint Distribution Committee) office in Stuttgart, Reinsburgstr. 19, requesting affidavit for USA
30.10.1946: Handwritten 3-page letter from Gemmingen confirming family fate: father died Buchenwald, Julius/Elsa deported and never returned, Frieda and children deported and never returned. Only Josef and Margit survived.
After liberation: found family belongings scattered, some property returned, porcelain to a Frau Kleene. Encountered hostile post-war environment.
Mentions 'Cousin Mina in Franklinton' (separate from Baltimore Mina?) and 'Cousin Sophie' in 1946 letters
Enclosed letter about Jewish history in Gemmingen with his 1946 correspondence
Simon's late 1941 letter confirms Josef 'still at Gross-Breesen' agricultural training farm near Breslau.

Sources

Oppenheimer/Shacham Family Archive Stolpersteine Stuttgart USHMM Kaufmann Family Correspondence